As for the lithium-ion battery, it uses lithium ions (Li+): hence the name given to this technology.Ī lithium-ion battery such as the one inside a car like the ZOE is designed as an assembly of individual battery units (cells), connected to each other and monitored by a dedicated electronic circuit. The 12-volt lead-acid battery that has traditionally been used to power the starter of a combustion-engine vehicle, for example, relies on an electrolyte containing lead ions and electrodes that are lead-based. The different battery types vary by ion types, electrode materials and the associated electrolytes. Conversely, when the battery is charging, the energy supplied by the charger sends the electrons back from the positive electrode to the negative. When the battery is powering a device, the electrons accumulated in the negative electrode are released via an external circuit to travel to the positive electrode: this is the discharging phase. The principle behind the lithium-ion battery is to circulate electrons by creating a difference in potential between two electrodes, one negative and the other positive, that are immersed in a conductive ionic liquid called the electrolyte. It superseded nickel cadmium (NiCd) and nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) technologies. It quickly lent itself to further applications, eventually becoming standard for all devices requiring a portable rechargeable battery. First commercialized in 1991, the lithium-ion battery was initially created for the consumer electronics sector.
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